The City Clock: sources for every city

Belgrade in 3D: sources and notes

The City Clock · 3D timelapse built in Blender from open data · last updated 16 October 2026

Every source behind the video: how the city was built, what is estimated, each fact on screen with its source, the population figures, the landmarks and the full bibliography. Spot an error? Tell us in the comments under the video: we check it, list it below and fix the method for the next city.

1. How this video is made

No AI images or video. Every frame is rendered in Blender from map data and historical records.
Buildings: 15,439 real footprints from OpenStreetMap (ODbL), with heights from their tags or from the number of floors.
Year each building rises: 423 have a recorded year from the start_date tag in OpenStreetMap; 38 landmarks were researched one by one (section 5); the remaining 14,978 have no record and get an estimated year from their district and height. Estimated years are approximate by design: they show how each area grew, not the date of each house.
Walls, gates, rivers, bridges, demolished buildings, fires and wars: from the research listed below and from OpenHistoricalMap (CC0).
Terrain and ground: SRTM elevation (AWS Terrain Tiles) and Sentinel-2 cloudless 2016 by EOX IT Services GmbH (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2016, CC BY 4.0).
Population counter: moves in a straight line between the figures in section 4; between two censuses it is an interpolation, not a count.
Simplified on purpose: colours and roof shapes are stylised; a building that was rebuilt many times usually appears once, with today's footprint; dates before written records are approximate; nine minutes cannot hold every event.

2. Corrections

Checked after publishing, against the sources linked. In the video these buildings rise in the wrong year (they had no recorded date and got an estimate). Since then every large or named building is checked before rendering.

Building	Rises in the video	Built	Source	Note
Beogradska arena	1964	2004	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33277	Opened in July 2004; construction began in 1991.
Merkator centar	1954	2002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_Center_Belgrade	Mercator Center Belgrade opened in December 2002.
Delta Siti šoping centar	1988	2007	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3021912	Delta City opened on 1 November 2007; construction began in March 2006.
Plava dvorana Sava centra	1961	1977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Centar	Blue Hall opened 14 May 1977; work began in April 1976.
Hyatt Regency Belgrade	1966	1989	https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_Belgrade	Built for the 1989 Non-Aligned Summit; first guests arrived in August 1989.
Dom Narodne skupštine Republike Srbije	1907	1936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_National_Assembly	Built 1907 to 1936 and dedicated on 18 October 1936.
Kula Ušće 2	1964	2020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ušće_Tower	Second Ušće tower, built 2018 to June 2020; the 1964 tower is the first one.
Kneza Miloša Residence	1935	2013 (probable)	https://www.mapei.com/gb/en/projects/detail/kneza-milosa-residence	New residential building finished in 2013 on the old embassy site.
BV Terasis	1994	2022 (probable)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Waterfront	BW Terraces construction ended in 2022 (name match to Terasis).
Stari Merkator	1985	1972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_Center_Belgrade	The old Mercator center opened in 1972 and was expanded in the early 1990s.
BV Nika	1976	2025 (probable)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Waterfront	BW Nika was handed over in late 2025.
Hala 4	1953	1975 (probable)	https://www.danas.rs/dijalog/licni-stavovi/ljudi-koji-su-posvetili-karijere-beogradskom-sajmu/	Western wing of Hala 1, today Hala 4, opened in 1975.
Mona Plaza	1965	2020	https://www.predsednik.rs/en/press-center/news/president-vucic-attends-the-ceremonial-opening-of-the-mona-plaza-hotel	New hotel opened in February 2020 on the old chocolate factory site.
Navigator Business Center 2	1974	2020 (probable)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPC_Holding	Navigator Business Center 2 opened in summer 2020; groundbreaking in 2018.
BV Sensa	1926	2025 (probable)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Waterfront	BW Sensa was handed over in August 2025.
Politika	1986	1968 (probable)	https://biznis.rs/vesti/srbija/novinari-ce-ostati-i-u-renoviranoj-zgradi-politike/	The 17-storey Politika tower was built in 1968.
Kennedy Residence	1972	2022 (probable)	https://merin.rs/reference/kennedy-residence/	Mixed-use Kennedy Residence completed in 2022; map position is slightly doubtful.
Biznis garden	1983	2019	https://www.diplomacyandcommerce.rs/?p=30811	Business Garden officially opened in June 2019.
VIG Plaza	1959	2014 (probable)	https://www.skydb.net/building/405722463/vig-plaza/	VIG Plaza office tower completed in 2014 (single source).
Garaža „Obilićev venac”	1934	1975 (probable)	https://balkangreenenergynews.com/rs/obilicev-venac-prva-pametna-garaza-u-beogradu-i-srbiji/	Garage built in 1975, extended in 1978 and rebuilt in 2015 to 2017.
Hilton Beograd	1919	2018 (probable)	https://www.travelagentcentral.com/destinations/hilton-belgrade-to-open-serbia-2018	New-build Hilton at Kralja Milana 35 opened in 2018.
Banca Intesa a.d. Beograd	1961	2004 (probable)	https://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/1878476-banka-intesa-kupila-zgradu-delta-holdinga	Delta Holding building built 2003 to 2004, later bought by Banca Intesa.

3. Facts on screen

Each card, with the time it appears in the video and its source (full references in the bibliography at the end).

Time	On screen	Source
0:18	Same hill. Same two rivers. 7,000 years.
0:24	c. 5300 BC: Vinča farmers, 14 km downstream	Whittle et al. 2016
0:29	Stone Age houses stood on this hill	Spasić 2026
0:37	3rd century BC: the Celtic Scordisci	Blečić Kavur and Kavur 2010
0:55	AD 86: Rome posts a whole legion here	Livius; Pilipović 2015
1:01	The fort: about 560 by 350 metres	JP Beogradska tvrđava
1:09	AD 169: a Roman town. Later a colony	Pilipović 2015
1:15	The road out of the camp is today's Knez Mihailova Street	JP Beogradska tvrđava
1:25	441: the Huns	Kalić 2014
1:29	535: Justinian rebuilds the walls	Kalić 2014
1:34	584: the Avars take the city	Kalić 2014
1:39	c. 630: Serbs in Belgrade	Kalić 2014
1:44	878: a papal letter names 'Belgrade' for the first time	MGH Epp. VII; Kalić 2014
2:12	1404: Despot Stefan finds a ruin and makes it Serbia's capital	Kalić 2014
2:17	Upper Town: 300 by 160 m. Walls 7 m high	Kalić 2014
2:28	The Despot dies. Belgrade passes to Hungary	Kalić 2014
2:39	July 1456: the conqueror of Constantinople attacks	Kalić 2014
2:46	22 July: burning bundles thrown from the walls. The Sultan flees, wounded	Kalić 2014
2:55	The Pope asks Europe to pray at noon, with bells. They still ring	Mixson 2022
3:07	29 August 1521: Suleiman takes Belgrade	Kalić 2014
3:12	The Serbs are deported to Istanbul	Kalić 2014
3:27	c. 1660: a traveller counts 217 mosques	Özkan 2021
3:33	One survives: Bajrakli	Özkan 2021
3:39	1688: Bavarian and Austrian troops take the city	Belgrade City Museum
3:44	7 October 1690: one shell hits the powder store. The Despot's castle is gone	Katić 2018
3:53	1717: Prince Eugene of Savoy	The London Gazette 1717
4:01	1723-1736: a new star-shaped fortress	Rudi 2019
4:09	1738: its engineer is beheaded below its walls	Rudi 2019
4:15	1739: Austria tears down what it built	Belgrade City Museum
4:21	The 'Roman Well' is Austrian, finished in 1731	JP Beogradska tvrđava
4:33	1806: Serbian rebels storm the walls	Terzić 1957
4:41	1834: 7,033 people	RZS (1834 census)
4:49	1862: the fortress shells the town	IAB
4:54	18 April 1867: the keys of four cities are handed over	SANU records; IAB
5:03	1884: the first train	Gašić 2023
5:09	1900: almost 70,000 people	Vuletić 2024
5:14	28-29 July 1914: river monitors shell Belgrade. The war has begun	Vreme 2004; IAB
5:27	October 1915: the city falls	IAB
5:35	1 November 1918: liberated	IAB
5:42	1928: The Victor looks over the rivers	OSM; 021.rs 2020
5:48	1936: Parliament opens, 29 years after its first stone	National Assembly; Zavod
5:53	1939: first skyscraper, 13 floors	OSM; Zavod
5:59	6 April 1941, 6:30 a.m.	IAB; RFE/RL 2021
6:04	The National Library burns: 1,424 medieval manuscripts	CENL 2026 (NBS)
6:09	In one week: 714 buildings destroyed. 2,271 dead (official count)	IAB
6:15	1942: about 7,000 Jewish women, children and elderly murdered at Sajmište	semlin.info; Koljanin 1992
6:22	Easter 1944: Allied bombers. 1,267 dead	IAB
6:30	20 October 1944: a teacher cuts the fuse. One bridge survives	Insajder 2025
6:41	1948: 49,800 young volunteers start a city on a marsh	Vreme (Juriš na močvaru)
6:49	New Belgrade: 9,195 people in 1948. 225,575 in 2002	RZS 2004
7:01	1977: Sava Centar, built in about a year	Sava Centar
7:14	24 March 1999: NATO air strikes begin	HRW 2000
7:22	23 April, 2:06 a.m.: state TV hit. 16 dead	HRW 2000; Amnesty 2000
7:29	7 May: the Chinese embassy. 3 dead	HRW 2000
7:36	In all of Yugoslavia: 488 to 527 civilians killed (HRW)	HRW 2000
7:49	2018: the 1884 station closes	Gašić 2023
7:55	Kula Belgrade: 168 m	CTBUH
8:01	2022 census: 1,681,405 people	RZS 2023

4. Population

Year	Population	Source	Note
1660	98,000	Evliya Çelebi, cited by Özkan 2021	city; traveler's account (estimate)
1718	5,500	Rudi 2019 (padrón austriaco: 944 familias, 5.000 a 6.000)	Austrian city; estimate
1834	7,033	RZS, Popisi stanovništva u Kneževini Srbiji 1815-1882 (vía Danas 2022); Vuletić 2024	city (varoš), without Turks or Roma
1846	14,371	Vojković and Devedžić; RZS table 1834-1953	city
1859	18,860	RZS table 1834-1953 (cited)	city
1866	24,768	Vojković and Devedžić; RZS table 1834-1953	city
1874	27,605	Radovanović 1995; Miljković-Katić 2002	city
1884	35,483	RZS table 1834-1953 (cited)	city
1890	54,249	Vojković and Devedžić (other figure: 54,763)	city
1900	69,769	Vuletić 2024; Nikolić 2016 (otras cifras: 68.481, 66.598)	city
1910	82,498	RZS table 1834-1953 (other figures: 85,579 or about 90,000)	city
1914	95,000	Vreme 2004 (90.000 a 100.000)	city; estimate
1921	111,739	RZS table 1834-1953 (cited)	city
1931	238,775	RZS table 1834-1953 (cited)	city (1931 limits)
1941	370,000	N1 2021	city; press estimate
1948	397,711	RZS 2004	naselje (asentamiento urbano)
1953	477,982	RZS 2004	naselje
1961	657,362	RZS 2004	naselje
1971	899,094	RZS 2004	naselje
1981	1,087,915	RZS 2004	naselje
1991	1,168,454	RZS 2004	naselje
2002	1,119,642	RZS 2004 (2002 method)	naselje
2011	1,166,763	RZS 2013	naselje
2022	1,197,714	RZS 2023	naselje

Wider city area (the counter switches to it where noted):

Year	Population	Source	Note
1948	634,003	RZS 2004	Grad (territorio actual)
1953	731,837	RZS 2004	Grad
1961	942,190	RZS 2004	Grad
1971	1,209,360	RZS 2004	Grad
1981	1,470,073	RZS 2004	Grad
1991	1,602,226	RZS 2004	Grad
2002	1,576,124	RZS 2004 (2002 method)	Grad
2011	1,659,440	RZS 2013	Grad
2022	1,681,405	RZS 2023	Grad

5. Landmarks

Researched one by one; the year each rises and what happens to it later.

Landmark	In the video	Sources
Belgrade Fortress (Beogradska tvrđava) Београдска тврђава	built 86, destroyed 441, rebuilt 535, damaged 584, rebuilt 1404, damaged 1456, destroyed 1690, rebuilt 1736, destroyed 1740, damaged 1915	Kalić 2014; JP Beogradska tvrđava; Pilipović 2015
Ružica Church and St. Petka Chapel Ружица, Света Петка	built 1404, destroyed 1521, built 1869, damaged 1915, rebuilt 1925, built 1937	Kalić 2014; OSM
Despot's Gate and Dizdar Tower (Despotova kapija, Dizdareva kula) Деспотова капија, Диздарева кула	built 1405, damaged 1915, rebuilt 1938	Beotura; JP Beogradska tvrđava
Nebojša Tower (Kula Nebojša) Кула Небојша	built 1460, damaged 1521, destroyed 1690, rebuilt 2010	Kalić 2014; JP Beogradska tvrđava
Bajrakli Mosque (Bajrakli džamija) Бајракли џамија	built 1575, damaged 1717, rebuilt 1868, damaged 2004	Özkan 2021; Talundžić; Vasić 2004
Great Well, the "Roman Well" (Rimski bunar) Римски бунар	built 1731	JP Beogradska tvrđava
Gate of Charles VI (Kapija Karla VI) Капија Карла VI	built 1736, damaged 1944, rebuilt 1973	JP Beogradska tvrđava; Stošić 1997
Inner Stambol Gate and Clock Tower (Stambol kapija, Sahat kula) Стамбол капија, Сахат кула	built 1736, built 1789, damaged 1806, destroyed 1866, rebuilt 2008	JP Beogradska tvrđava; Stošić 1997; Terzić 1957
Türbe of Damad Ali Pasha Дамад Али-пашино турбе	built 1784, damaged 1915, rebuilt 2017	Beotura; Özkan 2021
Residence of Princess Ljubica (Konak kneginje Ljubice) Конак кнегиње Љубице	built 1831	Zavod; Registro SANU
Cathedral of St. Michael (Saborna crkva) Саборна црква	built 1840, damaged 1862, rebuilt 1996	Zavod; Registro SANU
Kapetan Mišino zdanje Капетан Мишино здање	built 1863, damaged 1862, damaged 1914, rebuilt 1921	Mirković 2013; Zavod
National Theatre (Narodno pozorište) Народно позориште	built 1869, damaged 1941, damaged 1944, rebuilt 1989	Narodno pozorište; Stošić 1997
Old Palace (Stari dvor) Стари двор	built 1884, damaged 1903, damaged 1915, rebuilt 1922, damaged 1941, rebuilt 1997	Zavod
Railway bridge of 1884 (Stari železnički most) Стари железнички мост	built 1884, destroyed 1914	Gašić 2023; Belić 2014
Old Railway Station (Stara železnička stanica) Стара железничка станица	built 1885, damaged 1941, ruin 2018	Zavod; Gašić 2023
National Assembly (Dom Narodne skupštine) Дом Народне скупштине	built 1907, built 1936	Asamblea Nacional; Zavod
Hotel Moskva Хотел Москва	built 1908, damaged 1941	Zavod; Registro SANU
New Palace (Novi dvor) Нови двор	built 1922, damaged 1915	Zavod
National Library, ruins at Kosančićev venac Рушевине Народне библиотеке	built 1925, destroyed 1941, ruin 1941	CENL 2026; IAB; Trijić 2024
Pobednik, the Victor Победник	built 1928, rebuilt 2020	021.rs 2020; OSM
King Alexander Bridge / Branko's Bridge Мост краља Александра / Бранков мост	built 1934, destroyed 1941, rebuilt 1956	Structurae; Telegraf
Church of Saint Sava Храм Светог Саве	built 1935, ruin 1941, built 1989, built 2004	Beotura; OSM
Old Fairground and Sajmište camp Старо сајмиште	built 1937, ruin 1941, damaged 1944	semlin.info; Koljanin 1992; Gašić 2011
Palata Albanija Палата Албанија	built 1939, damaged 1944	OSM; IAB
Old Sava Bridge (Stari savski most) Стари савски мост	built 1942, damaged 1944, destroyed 2025	Insajder 2025
Palace of the Federation, SIV (today Palata Srbija) Палата Србија	built 1961	Mišić 2023; Beotura
Ušće Tower Кула Ушће	built 1964, damaged 1999, rebuilt 2005	OHR 1999; Biznis.rs 2020
Generalštab Генералштаб	built 1965, destroyed 1999, damaged 2015, ruin 2024	Milošević 2015; Bădescu 2019; Popadić 2018; Radosavljević 2025
Hotel Jugoslavija Хотел Југославија	built 1969, damaged 1999, destroyed 2024	HRW 2000; Vreme 2024
Gazela, New Railway and Ada bridges Газела, Нови железнички мост, Мост на Ади	built 1970, built 1983, built 2012	HRW 2000
Beograđanka Београђанка	built 1974	Wikipedia only, to be verified
Sava Centar Сава центар	built 1977, rebuilt 2020	Sava Centar
Genex Tower, Western City Gate (Zapadna kapija Beograda) Западна капија Београда	built 1980, built 2021	Beotura; BBC in Serbian 2021
Interior ministries on Kneza Miloša Министарство унутрашњих послова	damaged 1999, destroyed 2016	N1 2016; NPR 1999
Radio Television of Serbia, technical building Радио-телевизија Србије	destroyed 1999, ruin 1999	HRW 2000; Amnistía 2000; Fenrick 2001
Chinese Embassy (site of the Chinese Cultural Centre) Амбасада Кине	destroyed 1999, destroyed 2010, rebuilt 2016	HRW 2000; Standish 2022
Kula Belgrade Кула Београд	built 2016, built 2023	CTBUH; SOM

6. Demolitions, fires and wars

Time	Year	On screen	Source
1:24	441	SACKED	Kalić 2014
2:34	1440	SIEGE
3:05	1521	SIEGE	Kalić 2014
3:43	1690	EXPLOSION	Katić 2018; Kalić 2014
3:53	1710	SIEGE
4:15	1739	DEMOLITION	Belgrade City Museum; Beotura
4:24	1782	SIEGE
4:33	1801	SIEGE
4:50	1860	SHELLING	IAB; Mirković 2013
5:14	1914	SHELLING	IAB; Beotura
5:29	1915	SHELLING	IAB; Beotura
5:59	1941	AIR RAID	IAB; Tomasevich 1975; RFE/RL 2021
6:22	1944	AIR RAID	IAB
6:27	1944	STREET FIGHTING	IAB

7. Bibliography

Academic works (42)

Aslantaş, Selim (2011). Belgrad-ı Dârü'l-Cihâd. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 15: 13-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkiyat/article/1438787
Bikić, Vesna; Pavlović, Marina S.; Vojvodić, Uglješa et al. (2024). A contribution to the study of the sacral topography of medieval Belgrade: archaeological and geophysical perspectives. Nasleđe 25: 9-57. DOI 10.5937/nasledje2425009B
Blagojević, Ljiljana (2009). Urban regularisation of Belgrade, 1867. SAJ, Serbian Architectural Journal 1(1): 27-44. DOI 10.5937/saj0901027B
Blečić Kavur, Martina; Kavur, Boris (2010). Grave 22 of the Belgrade necropolis in Karaburma: retrospective and perspective. Starinar 60: 57-84. DOI 10.2298/STA1060057B
Bădescu, Gruia (2019). Making Sense of Ruins: Architectural Reconstruction and Collective Memory in Belgrade. Nationalities Papers 47(2): 182-197. DOI 10.1017/nps.2018.42
Djurdjev, Branislav (1992). Belgrad. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 5: 407-409. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/belgrad
Erdeljan, Jelena (2006). Belgrade as New Jerusalem: reflections on the reception of a topos in the age of despot Stefan Lazarević. Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 43: 96-110. DOI 10.2298/ZRVI0643096E
Fenrick, William J. (2001). Targeting and Proportionality during the NATO Bombing Campaign against Yugoslavia. European Journal of International Law 12(3): 489-502. DOI 10.1093/ejil/12.3.489
Fundić, Dušan (2018). The Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia as a "civilizing mission" (1915-1918). Balcanica 49: 57-67. DOI 10.2298/BALC1849057F
Gašić, Ranka (2011). The Old Belgrade Fairground: Judenlager Semlin. A place of intentional oblivion. Istorija 20. veka 29(2): 133-142. DOI 10.29362/ist20veka.2011.2.gas.133-142
Gašić, Ranka (2023). Belgrade railway junction. In Taming the Yugoslav Space. Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju, 125-147. DOI 10.29362/2023.2794.ris.125-147
Kalić, Jovanka (2014). A millennium of Belgrade (sixth-sixteenth centuries): a short overview. Balcanica 45: 71-96. DOI 10.2298/BALC1445071K (full text read; main source for 441 to 1521)
Kalić, Jovanka (2019). Information about Belgrade in Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Balcanica 50: 33-38. DOI 10.2298/BALC1950033K
Katić, Tatjana (2018). Walking through the ravaged city: an eyewitness testimony to the demolition of the Belgrade Fortress in 1690. In Belgrade 1521-1867. Beograd: Istorijski institut, 79-99.
Koljanin, Milan (1992). Nemački logor na beogradskom Sajmištu 1941-1944. Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju. (cited via semlin.info)
Miljković-Katić, Bojana (2002). Struktura gradskog stanovništva Srbije sredinom XIX veka. Beograd: Istorijski institut. (review in Stanovništvo)
Milošević, Srđan (2015). The ghosts of the past, present and future: the case of the Army Headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39(1): 37-55. DOI 10.3846/20297955.2015.1031448
Mirković, Zoran (2013). Kapetan Miša i njegovo zdanje. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 61(1): 336-341. https://anali.rs/xml/201-/2013c/2013-1c/Anali_2013-1_336-341.pdf
Mixson, James D. (2022). The Crusade of 1456: Texts and Documentation in Translation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (reseña: Portnykh 2023, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, DOI 10.1017/S0022046923001550)
Mišić, Biljana (2023). Presidential Palace in New Belgrade: evaluation approaches to post-World War II architectural heritage. AGG+ 11(1): 30-40. DOI 10.61892/agg20230130
Perić, P. (2026). On the "Belgrade" origin of the Roman emperor Jovian. Etnoantropološki problemi 21(1). DOI 10.21301/v21i1.14
Perović, Miloš; Žegarac, Zoran (2000). The destruction of an architectural culture: the 1999 bombing of Belgrade. Cities 17(6): 395-408. DOI 10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00039-1
Pilipović, Sanja (2015). Agriculture and worship: a contribution to the study of daily life in Roman Singidunum and its environs. Balcanica 46: 41-59. DOI 10.2298/BALC1546041P
Popadić, Milan (2018). Generalštab by Nikola Dobrović as a memorial topos in the 21st century. Kultura 159: 204-221. DOI 10.5937/kultura1859204P
Popović, Marko (2006). Beogradska tvrđava, 2nd ed. Beograd: JP Beogradska tvrđava, Arheološki institut and Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture grada Beograda. (cited via Kalić 2014)
Radosavljević, Luka; Radosavljević, Katarina (2025). Erasing memory: the destruction of Generalštab and the loss of architectural identity. SINARG 2025, Proceedings vol. 1: 355-369. DOI 10.62683/SINARG2025.046
Radovanović, Svetlana (1995). Demographic growth and ethnodemographic changes in the Republic of Serbia. En The Serbian Questions in the Balkans. Beograd: Faculty of Geography. https://rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/sradovanovic-demography.html
Rudi, Fabrizio (2019). Austrian "Kingdom of Serbia" (1718-1739): the infrastructural innovations introduced by the Habsburg domination. En The 18th Century as Period of Innovation. Graz: Unipub, 141-153. DOI 10.25364/22.2:2019.11
Spasić, Miloš (2026). Belgrade before Singidunum: prehistory of the Belgrade Fortress. En Ars Praehistorica. Beograd: Institute for Balkan Studies SASA, 45-74. DOI 10.46793/arspra2026.045S
Stošić, Ljiljana (1997). Emblematic motifs on baroque gates of Belgrade. Balcanica 28: 213-233. https://balcanica.rs/index.php/journal/article/view/674
Tasić, Nenad et al. (2015). The end of the affair: formal chronological modelling for the top of the Neolithic tell of Vinča-Belo Brdo. Antiquity 89(347): 1064-1082. DOI 10.15184/aqy.2015.101
Terzić, Velimir (1957). Oslobođenje Beograda od Turaka 1806-1807. Godišnjak Muzeja grada Beograda 4: 143-158. https://www.mgb.org.rs/public/files/yearbook_by_year_documents/document/GodisnjakIV143-158.pdf
Timotijević, Miloš (2021). "Come and drink Serbian blood, you Anglo-American hyenas!": the Allied bombing of Serbia 1943-1944 and the propaganda of the collaborationist press. Zenodo. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20681587
Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: The Chetniks. Stanford University Press, p. 74. (cited)
Trifković, Gaj (2016). "Damned good amateurs": Yugoslav Partisans in the Belgrade Operation 1944. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 29(2): 253-278. DOI 10.1080/13518046.2016.1168131
Vojković, Gordana; Devedžić, Mirjana. Demogeographic characteristics and processes in Belgrade. In GeograFF 8. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani. https://ebooks.uni-lj.si/ZalozbaUL/catalog/download/58/125/1337?inline=1
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Abbreviations: en.wiki, ru.wiki, sr.wiki = Wikipedia in English, Russian, Serbian.